MOHAMMAD QASAM ADIL; MIRWAIS GHAFARE. Automatic Differentiation in Modern Machine Learning: Mathematical Foundations, Algorithmic Modes, Implementation Strategies, and Contemporary Challenges: A Comprehensive Review Article. Interkoneksi: Journal of Computer Science and Digital Business, [S. l.], v. 4, n. 2, p. 231–245, 2026. DOI: 10.61166/interkoneksi.v4i2.99. Disponível em: https://interkoneksi.my.id/index.php/i/article/view/99. Acesso em: 26 oct. 2026.